Compulsory public military service in Iran, despite its foundational role in securing national security, faces challenges in legitimacy, efficiency, and satisfaction under new social conditions, rendering a revision of its laws and implementation methods imperative. The expansion of social communications, rising levels of youth awareness, and shifting lifestyles have caused mandatory military service to lose its previous justification for a significant portion of eligible individuals; meanwhile, a complete transition to a professional army is not operational in the short term due to extremely heavy defense costs. On the other hand, existing experience indicates that educational, logistical, managerial, and psychological problems among soldiers—including depression, anxiety, aggression, and poor adaptation to the new environment—reduce service quality and the human capital of the armed forces, while leading to delays in marriage, education, and entry into the labor market. Accordingly, alternative models such as professional, voluntary, scientific-specialized military service, industrial conscription, targeted service buyouts, shortened service duration in peacetime, and blended models are introduced as viable policy options. Proposed strategies emphasize shifting from an instrumental perspective to a human-centric one, psychological screening before and during service, teaching life skills, developing skill and vocational training tailored to societal needs, transparency in commanders' evaluations, strengthening positive incentives, local deployment preferences, and reducing service duration with the objective of increasing productivity and enhancing sustainable security.