Iran's demographic transformations, particularly the decline of the fertility rate below the replacement level and the rising trend of aging, have highlighted the necessity of formulating a comprehensive and cross-sectoral strategy to realize macro-population policies. Within this framework, existing approaches regarding the relationship between population and progress are dualistic: one group considers economic development as a prerequisite for increased fertility, while another views population and development as simultaneous and mutually dependent. Analyses indicate that population concentration in metropolises and high urban living costs diminish childbearing motivation, and population growth policies in high-density areas will have limited effectiveness without reforming the spatial distribution of population. Conversely, increasing fertility in low-density regions without providing economic and livelihood infrastructure can intensify rural-urban migration. Proposed policies emphasize removing economic barriers (housing, employment), reducing social norms regarding marriage age and low-childbearing lifestyles, cultural persuasion based on empirical research and the revision of prevailing beliefs, and designing a comprehensive population development program. Furthermore, the scientific updating of universities and research institutions, the formulation of flexible employment policies for women, the expansion of standard daycare centers and infertility insurance, and the establishment of a national monitoring and follow-up center for the implementation of population policies are proposed as executive and supervisory prerequisites.